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Question | Answer |
---|---|
etorphine (M-99) | synthetic opioid; analgesic effects 1000 times more potent than morphine |
etorphine (M-99) uses: | immobilization of zoo & exotic animals (elephants) |
etorphine notes: | diprenorphine is the antagonist agent (mixed up PRIOR to etorphine being handled), etorphine is FATAL in humans & can be absorbed through skin |
hydrocodone (tussigon, hycodan) | synthetic opioid |
hydrocodone (tussigon, hycodan) uses: | antitussive, behavioral modification, NOT used to control pain |
hydrocodone (tussigon, hycodan) side effects: | sedation & vomiting |
codeine | synthetic opioid |
codeine uses: | antitussive in dogs, pain relief when combined with acetaminophen |
codeine side effects: | sedation with higher doses |
tramadol | centrally acting opioid agonist that has primarily mu receptor activity |
tramadol uses: | mild analgesic effects, antitussive in dogs & cats |
tramadol side effects: | sedation, GI upset (anorexia, vomiting) |
loperamide (immodium) | antidiarrheal agent for dogs, sold over the counter |
apomorphine | synthetic opioid that stimulates the chemoreceptor trigger zone (induces vomiting) |
lidocaine | local anesthetic, can be used to prevent laryngospasms in cats & pigs |
lidocaine side effects: | neurologic & cardiovascular toxicity |
proparacaine | topical anesthetic used in ophthalmic procedures |
tetracaine | topical anesthetic, not absorbed systemically |
mepivacaine | has little tissue reaction, good in equine patients |
bupivacaine | longer onset of action than lidocaine (20-30 min) & duration of action is 4-6 hr |
bupivacaine administration | never admin IV since it causes profound CV collapse & potentially death. has a more narrow therapeutic index |
nocita | bupivacaine liposome injectable suspension, injected into tissues near incisional site at time of closure |
nocita uses | dogs undergoing a cranial cruciate ligament surgery, cats undergoing onychectomy |
glucocorticoids (cortisol) | anti-inflammatory that inhibits phospholipase |
glucocorticoids uses: | inflammation, allergic reactions, systemic diseases, neoplasia, & termination of late stage pregnancy |
glucocorticoids side effects | delay wound healing, increased risk of infection, GI ulceration & bleeding, increased risk of corneal ulceration, PU/PD, polyphagia, thinning of skin, muscle wasting, osteoporosis, CBC changes, & increases BG levels |
prednisone | must be converted to prednisolone in the liver to be effective |
NSAIDs | completely or selectively inhibit the enzyme cyclooxygenase, inhibit only a bit of lipoxygenase, do not affect phospholipase |
can cats metabolize aspirin? | no, due to relative deficiency of the enzyme glucuronyl transerase |
NSAID side effects: | gastric ulceration, gastric bleeding, bone marrow suppression, renal necrosis, liver toxicity, & increased risk of bleeding |
Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) | potent inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis (by inhibiting cyclooxygenase) |
Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) uses: | analgesic, antipyretic & anti-inflammatory. reduced platelet aggregation |
Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) signs of toxicity: | anorexia, abdominal pain, GI upset, melena, lethargy, bleeding problems, neurologic problems, renal failure (PU/PD) |
phenylbutazone (AKA- bute) | inhibits prostoglandin synthesis by inhibiting cyclooxygenase. used in equine medicine |
phenylbutazone (AKA- bute) uses: | mild to moderate anti-inflammatory, antipyretic & analgesic properties. use care in animals with low albumin levels |
phenylbutazone (AKA- bute) formulations: | paste, tablet, pwder, gel & injectable forms |
phenylbutazone (AKA- bute) use in dairy cattles: | banned from use in dairy cattle due to blood disorders it can cause in people |
propionic acid deriatives | ibuprofen, ketoprofen, carprofen (rimadyl), & naproxen (equiproxen) |
propionic acid derivatives uses: | analgesic, antipyretic & anti-inflammatory properties |
ketoprofen (ketofen) | blocks cyclooxygenase & lipoxygenase. approved for use in horses |
carprofen (rimadyl) | blocks cyclooxygenase-2, approved for use in dogs, believed to target cox-2 (limited GI side effects), rare liver toxicities have been reported esp. in labs |
naproxen (equiproxen) | blocks cyclooxygenase; approved for use in horses |
cox-2 selective inhibitors | meloxicam, robenacoxib, deracoxib, & firocoxib |
meloxicam (metacam) | used in dogs & cats; caution in cats for pain, inflammation & fever. used in cattle for mastitis |
robenacoxib (onsior) | approved for use in cats (oral & inj.) & dogs (oral) |
deracoxib (deramaxx) | control of postoperative pain & inflammation. approved for use in dogs only |
firocoxib (equioxx, previcox) | used in dogs (chewable) & horses (oral paste) |
flunixin meglumine (banamine) | potent inhibitor of cyclooxygenase; approved for use in horses & cattle, may effect parturition |
flunixin meglumine (banamine) uses: | treats inflammation, colic, musculoskeletal pain & fevers |
acetaminophen (tylenol) | toxic to dogs, cats, ferrets & other species. can lead to methemoglobinemia in cats, toxicity treated with n-acetylcysteine |
grapipant (galliprant) | prostaglandin E2 EP4 receptor antagonist |
grapipant (galliprant) side effects: | vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, lethargy, buccal ulcers |
Created by: emilywalburn
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